Substance related "black outs" do not warrant a diagnosis of dissociative amnesia, nor does memory loss caused by and immediately preceding traumatic brain injury. Other neurological and behavioral effects of trauma are common.Ĭriterion C specifies that the amnesia not be due to a substance or neurological condition. Many individuals with dissociative amnesia struggle to form lasting relationships, are re-victimized due to learned or internalized patterns of behavior, experience dissociative flashbacks, or engage in self harm or attempt suicide. That is not what dissociative amnesia seeks to describe. It is normal to be unable to remember some events, locations, people, or details even when such things are related to trauma or are associated with something highly stressful. While generalized amnesia is acute onset and obvious in the confusion and disorientation that it causes, selective and localized amnesia are often greatly minimized or even unacknowledged by those suffering from them, and they can be continuous, causing individuals to forget new traumatic events as they occur.Ĭriterion B excludes normal forgetting by ensuring that non-dysfunctional forgetting is not classified as amnesia.
Instead, it covers: selective amnesia (an absence of some but not all memories regarding a specific incident or period of time, such as knowing where and how an assault occurred but being unable to picture or remember anything about the old friend who was behind it or being unable to access any memories regarding one's abusive family) localized amnesia (a complete absence of memory regarding a specific incident or period of time, such as a period of time during which one was abused as a child or witnessed intense combat) generalized amnesia (a complete absence of memory regarding one's history or personal identity factual (semantic) and skill-based (procedural) knowledge may or may not be affected). This does not cover items such as forgetting where one placed one's keys, what one did the day before, or who one's sixth grade teacher was. With dissociative fugue: Apparently purposeful travel or bewildered wandering that is associated with amnesia for identity or for other important autobiographical information (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) 1.Ĭriterion A refers to a lack of retrievable memory regarding personal information or history that should be remembered and would normally be remembered. The disturbance is not better explained by dissociative identity disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, somatic symptom disorder, or major or mild neurocognitive disorder. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance (e.g., alcohol or other drug of abuse, a medication) or a neurological or other medical condition (e.g., partial complex seizures, transient global amnesia, sequelae of a closed head injury/traumatic brain injury, other neurological condition).ĭ. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.Ĭ. Note: Dissociative amnesia most often consists of localized or selective amnesia for a specific event or events or generalized amnesia for identity and life history.ī. An inability to recall important autobiographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is inconsistent with ordinary forgetting. The DSM-5 gives the following criteria for a diagnosis of dissociative amnesia:Ī.
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